Nrega sameeksha pdf

Most of all, we thank the farmers for the time and cooperation they extended during the study. The Act has been implemented in three phases since , providing 4. Others focus on subjects such as rural poverty alleviation, gender issues, livelihood and food security, and migration, but there has been no major study on the environmental impact of the activities that have been carried out so far.

This study attempts to examine and assess the environmental implications of the activities implemented under the NREGA. We undertook a rapid assessment of the environmental services provided by NREGA activities and their contribution towards reducing the vulnerability of production systems for example, crop yields and livelihoods to climate variability for example, drought.

The impact of activities has been analysed through the two lenses of contemporary ecological science — environmental services and climate change. The activities undertaken under the NREGA mainly focus on improving the availability of resources and conserving them Table 1, p These activities are known to improve or help in conserving the resource base, but rarely has there been an attempt to quantify them.

The subsequent sections describe the study area, sample villages and criteria for selection, followed by a section on the methods and approaches adopted to assess the implications of the activities for. EPW may 14, vol xlvi no Catchment area treatment contour Land development conservation bench trenches and bunds, graded bunds, terracing [CBT], contour and graded bench terracing, field bunds bunds, field bunds, pasture development.

Chitradurga district is located in the east central part of Karnataka and has an area of 8, square kilometres with a population of. The district has six taluks, gram panchayats and 1, villages. Chitradurga experiences a hot, seasonally dry, tropical savannah climate, typical of most regions in southern Karnataka. It receives low to moderate rainfall and is one of the drought-prone districts in the state. The normal annual rainfall in the district, based on a year average, is mm.

A reservoir has built across the Vedavathi near Vanivilaspura in Hiriyur taluk and a canal network provides irrigation facilities to the farmers in the taluk as well as those in a few nearby villages. The other rivers in the taluk are the Janagahalli, Chikhagari, Swamamukhi, Garain and Nayakanahallihalla. In addition, there are tanks in the district, which provide irrigation facilities to small stretches of lands. Agriculture in the district is rainfed and mainly dependent on timely and adequate rainfall.

Dryland crops constitute the bulk of the agricultural produce and inadequate rainfall frequently results in crop losses. Figure 1 shows the trends in mean annual rainfall over the past decade. During , they were extended to all six taluks and Chitradurga, Holalkere, Challakere and Hiriyur topped the list.

About 2, activities had been completed till recently, spending Rs 40 crore. About 49, households were employed, generating 2. In Chitradurga district, NREGA activities were implemented in different villages in different years, beginning from Since the main objective was to measure environmental services provided by NREGA activities, the approach adopted was to select villages where the dominant activities were implemented in a large number in earlier years.

The locations of the villages studied are shown in Figure 2. The impact and environmental services of the activities were assessed by comparing the pre- and post-NREGA status of natural resources for example, groundwater levels and production systems for example, crop yields. The potential environmental services, the indicators used to assess them and the methods adopted are shown in Table 2.

Factors such as low crop and livestock productivity, water shortage for drinking and irrigation and scarcity of fuel wood and grass lead to rural poverty. This can be linked to degradation of natural resources such as soil, water resources, grazing lands and forests.

Soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, silting of water bodies and low water percolation rates, excessive groundwater extraction, overgrazing, and over harvesting of forests are all factors that result in low crop and livestock production and water scarcity. The only way to increase and sustain crop and livestock production and water supply for drinking and irrigation is through conserving natural resources and enhancing their capacity to provide higher levels of environmental services.

The activities under the NREGA are largely linked to water, soil and land, which are the key natural resources determining agricultural and livestock production. Environmental services include recharging groundwater, increasing rain water percolation, conserving water, increasing the area irrigated, reducing soil erosion, increasing soil fertility, conserving biodiversity, reclaiming degraded crop and grazing lands, enhancing the supply of leaf manure, fuel wood and non-wood forest produce, and carbon sequestration.

The goal of NREGA activities has to be conserving natural resources and enhancing environmental services to sustain food and livestock production, increasing the supply of fresh water for drinking, and increasing grass and forest product production. The approach also addresses the sustainability of resources and livelihoods by considering human wellbeing a parallel theme to the functioning of the natural ecosystem.

However, the linkages between various resources and processes in village ecosystems are highly complex and changes or interventions are likely to have broader and wider implications, some in the long term.

Identifying the potential environmental services that result from NREGA activities is crucial to understanding and quantifying their impact. As the MEA points out, the linkages and the trade-offs of interventions or changes in an ecosystem are very complex. Global concerns related to food security, water security, adaptation to climate change and variability, and sustainable livelihoods have been given adequate importance. Indicators have been developed for assessing and quantifying the effect NREGA activities have on delivering these services.

Services having direct implications within the ecological boundary of the activity and related components of the system are considered local. Village or micro-watershed boundaries have been considered local.

Global services include those that have implications beyond regional boundaries for example, climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. In this study, an indicator refers to a measurable parameter representing the extent or quantum of any resource, dependency or. Irrigation Providing irrigation, improved — provisioning and agriculture and livelihoods, increased improvement crop production.

Renovation of Improved storage capacity, irrigation Water conservation traditional water availability, groundwater recharge, soil bodies quality nutrient cycling , biomass. Land development Land reclaimed for agriculture, improved — irrigation availability, hence agriculture and livelihood improvement. Drought proofing Soil moisture retention, protection Water conservation, erosion control and soil quality carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling , flood control biodiversity reduced risk , biomass production conservation fuel wood and local climate regulation.

Flood control Groundwater recharge, soil moisture Water conservation retention and protection erosion control and flood control reduced risk. These indicators range from direct generic indicators such as water quantity, groundwater level and soil carbon to socio-economic aspects such as employment availability, income, access to resources and their availability.

These indicators were selected and developed to represent local situations. Indicators for poverty, environmental impact, socio-economic status, food security, fuel security, climate vulner ability and other aspects have also been included to provide a wider scope and to test their performance and relevance to the respective themes. Each activity is associated with several interlinked components of a village ecosystem, and therefore services. An integrated approach of aggregating the services keeping in mind the interlinkages is essential.

An indicator-based approach was adopted to identify key indicator parameters measurable either from secondary data, direct measurement or proxies. The effects of NREGA activities on the vulnerability of agricultural production systems and livelihoods were assessed using three indices — those of water, agricultural and livelihood vulnerability. A vulnerability assessment may be virtually indistinguishable from a sustainability assessment Brenkert and Elizabeth Need an account? Click here to sign up.

Download Free PDF. Mushtaq ahmad malla. Orient Blackswan. A short summary of this paper. It also ana- lyses the official figures and their limi- Opportunity for Social Protection Derailed tations. Finally, it provides field reflec- tions on some of the limitations in the official data.

Its Budgam. This article looks at how its primary objective being to maintain portion of total rural population for the official figures correlate with the subsistence level, bring people out of , when the policy was functional the impact of the policy on the poverty and protect those who are at in all districts. Three halka panchayats1 risk of falling into it. It also encompasses HPs Hamchipora, Dalwash, and Nagbal socio-economic vulnerabilities a secondary, promotional and trans- were randomly selected and two of in the state.

The outcomes in the formative vision of strengthening future these HPs also had a sizeable scheduled sample area are primarily rooted livelihood opportunities and fostering tribe ST population.

The sample size and sample a venal institutional apparatus, comes the official figures are considered distribution were equal during both which are not captured by the most widely and easily accessible the waves.

A total of interviews official figures. A comprehensive sources. These provide the macro-level were conducted with randomly selected understanding of the outcomes assessment of the policy outcomes and MGNREGA beneficiaries. Each wave was their correlation to some of the envi- based on 60 household level interview of such schemes thus depends sioned objective policy provisions, and schedules, with 20 from each HP.

At the on analysis of ground-level data also guide the policy planning at the secondary stakeholder level, one inter- rather than official figures alone. However, these view was conducted with the block have been criticised for not being development officer BDO during the models of clarity and elegance Dreze first wave, which was not possible during and Oldiges In addition, vulnerability and lack of basic infra- two interviews were conducted with structure, the launching of the MGNREGA two panchayat secretaries2 PSs in each brought a lot of hope and optimism.

While this Act Source: MoRD , , a, b. Hence, there was an obvious JKREGS was formulated no such institu- With the streamlining of the imple- need of a MGNREGA type initiative to pro- tions were in place due to the conflict mentation machinery positive progress tect not only the current but also the ex- and disturbances in the region.

Hence, has been observed after Neverthe- pected future vulnerabilities by provid- the state was forced to opt for an alter- less, inconsistency is seen in outcomes ing employment and thereby maintain- native and relatively weak institutional with a sharp decline in person-day gener- ing their subsistence level.

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